Robert Hormats, PhD, is vice chairman of Kissinger Associates, Inc. He previously served as the Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment from 2009 until 2013, as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs from 1981 to 1982, Ambassador and Deputy US Trade Representative from 1979 to 1981, and Senior Deputy Assistant Secretary for Economic and Business Affairs at the State Department from 1977 to 1979. He was vice chairman of Goldman Sachs International, which he joined in 1982 and served as a senior staff member for International Economic Affairs on the National Security Council from 1969 to 1977, where he was senior economic advisor to Henry Kissinger.